thesis_refs.bib

% This file was created with Citavi 6.10.0.0

@book{Adoum.2000,
 author = {Adoum, Jorge Enrique},
 year = {2000},
 title = {{Ecuador: se{\~n}as particulares}},
 address = {Quito},
 edition = {6},
 publisher = {{Eskeletra Editorial}}
}


@article{Akerlof.1980,
 author = {Akerlof, George A.},
 year = {1980},
 title = {{A Theory of Social Custom, of Which Unemployment May be One Consequence}},
 pages = {749},
 volume = {94},
 number = {4},
 issn = {0033-5533},
 journal = {{The Quarterly Journal of Economics}},
 doi = {10.2307/1885667},
 file = {Akerlof 1980 - A Theory of Social Custom:Attachments/Akerlof 1980 - A Theory of Social Custom.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@misc{AlarconSalvador.2020,
 author = {Alarc{\'o}n, Mauricio and {Espinel Vallejo}, Marcelo and {Zelaya Perdomo}, Denise and {Vega, Rojas, Claudia}},
 date = {2020},
 title = {{Diagn{\'o}stico sobre {\'a}reas prioritarias para la cooperaci{\'o}n contra la corrupci{\'o}n en Ecuador}},
 url = {https://padf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Informe-de-consultoria-con-portada.pdf},
 address = {Quito},
 institution = {{Pan American Development Foundation}}
}


@article{Ariely.2019,
 author = {Ariely, Dan and Garcia-Rada, Ximena},
 year = {2019},
 title = {{Contagious Dishonesty: Dishonesty begets dishonesty, rapidly spreading unethical behavior through a society}},
 url = {https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/corruption-is-contagious/},
 pages = {63--66},
 volume = {321},
 number = {3},
 journal = {{Scientific American}}
}


@article{Ashforth.2003,
 author = {Ashforth, Blake E. and Anand, Vikas},
 year = {2003},
 title = {{The Normalization of Corruption in Organizations}},
 url = {https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-normalization-of-corruption-in-organizations},
 pages = {1--52},
 volume = {25},
 issn = {0191-3085},
 journal = {{Research in Organizational Behavior}},
 doi = {10.1016/S0191-3085(03)25001-2}
}


@article{Bergh.2017,
 abstract = {In the literature on political economy and public choice, it is typically assumed that government size correlates positively with public corruption. The empirical literature, however, is inconclusive, owing to both measurement problems and endogeneity. This paper creates a corruption index based on original data from a survey covering top politicians and civil servants in all Swedish municipalities. The effect of more politicians on corruption problems is analyzed using discontinuities in the required minimum size of local councils. Despite the fact that Sweden consistently has been ranked among the least corrupt countries in the world, the survey suggest that non-trivial corruption problems are present in Sweden. Municipalities with more local council seats have more reported corruption problems, and the regression discontinuity design suggests that the effect is causal.},
 author = {Bergh, Andreas and Fink, G{\"u}nther and {\"O}hrvall, Richard},
 year = {2017},
 title = {{More politicians, more corruption: evidence from Swedish municipalities}},
 url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11127-017-0458-4#auth-G_nther-Fink},
 pages = {483--500},
 volume = {Public Choice},
 number = {172},
 file = {Bergh2017{\_}Article{\_}MorePoliticiansMoreCorruption:Attachments/Bergh2017{\_}Article{\_}MorePoliticiansMoreCorruption.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@misc{BHCompliance.2021,
 abstract = {This article first appeared on El Comercio on October 14, 2021. The Public Prosecutor's Office is investigating 172 alleged cases of corruption perpetrated during the covid-19 pandemic in Ecuador. However, the majority of investigations show slow progress. A statistical report Read More},
 author = {{BH Compliance}},
 year = {2021},
 title = {{[Ecuador] Corruption cases during pandemic record slow progress}},
 url = {https://www.bh-compliance.com/en/ecuador-corruption-cases-during-pandemic-record-slow-progress/}
}


@misc{Cabrera.2020,
 abstract = {The outcome of Rafael Correa's closely watched trial is likely to affect Ecuador's political landscape for years to come.},
 author = {Le{\'o}n, Jose Mar{\'i}a},
 year = {2020},
 title = {{Ecuador's Former President Convicted on Corruption Charges: The outcome of Rafael Correa's closely watched trial is likely to affect Ecuador's political landscape for years to come.}},
 url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/world/americas/ecuador-correa-corruption-verdict.html}
}


@article{Campbell.2014,
 abstract = {[Although theory refers to organizational culture as an important variable in corrupt organizations, only little empirical research has addressed the characteristics of a corrupt organizational culture. Besides some characteristics that go hand in hand with unethical behavior and other features of corrupt organizations, we are still not able to describe a corrupt organizational culture in terms of its underlying assumptions, values, and norms. With a qualitative approach, we studied similarities of organizational culture across different corrupt organizations. In this study, we performed content analysis on interviews of 14 independent experts about their experience with corrupt organizations. With this approach, we gained insights about different corrupt organizations spanning different branches (e.g., government, foreign trade, pharmacy, sports, building industry). We found that corrupt organizations perceive themselves to fight in a war, which leads to their taken-for-granted assumption that {\textquotedbl}the end justifies the means{\textquotedbl}. This assumption inspires many values and norms of the organizational culture. An important value in a corrupt organization is {\textquotedbl}security{\textquotedbl}, and an important norm is punishment of deviant (i.e., non-corrupt) behavior. Furthermore, managers and employees differ in their perception of organizational culture. While the management endorses values, such as success, results, and performance, and implements these values in their norms of goal setting, employees make use of rationalization strategies and endorse values of security and team spirit.]},
 author = {Campbell, Jamie-Lee and G{\"o}ritz, Anja S.},
 year = {2014},
 title = {{Culture Corrupts! A Qualitative Study of Organizational Culture in Corrupt Organizations}},
 url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/42921339},
 pages = {291--311},
 volume = {120},
 number = {3},
 issn = {01674544},
 journal = {{Journal of Business Ethics}}
}


@misc{Carlin.2013,
 author = {Carlin, Ryan E.},
 date = {2013},
 title = {{Violations of the Rule of Law Fuel Tolerance of Bribery in the Americas: Americas Barometer Insights No. 88}},
 url = {https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/insights/IO888en.pdf},
 editor = {Hiskey, Jonathan and Seligson, Mitchell A. and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.},
 institution = {LAPOP}
}


@misc{Castorena.2021,
 author = {Castorena, Oscar},
 date = {2021},
 title = {{Survey Weights in AmericasBarometer data}},
 url = {https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/insights/IMN007en.pdf},
 institution = {LAPOP}
}


@misc{Castro.2021,
 abstract = {Rosa Cerda es asamble{\'i}sta por Pachakutik. El s{\'a}bado circularon videos en las que se la escucha decir a una audiencia que ``roben bien''. Este es un breve perfil de la legisladora.},
 author = {Castro, Mayuri},
 year = {2021},
 title = {{?`Qui{\'e}n es Rosa Cerda, la asamble{\'i}sta de Pachakutik? Rosa Cerda es asamble{\'i}sta de Napo por Pachakutik}},
 url = {https://gk.city/2021/07/19/rosa-cerda-asambleista-pachakutik-roben-bien/}
}


@misc{Celi.2020,
 abstract = {El presidente Len{\'i}n Moreno acept{\'o} que los asamble{\'i}stas piden cargos en la administraci{\'o}n p{\'u}blica, aunque neg{\'o} que se hayan entregado hospitales.},
 author = {Celi, Estefan{\'i}a},
 year = {2020},
 title = {{El reparto de hospitales: el nuevo esc{\'a}ndalo de la actual Asamblea}},
 url = {https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/politica/reparto-hospitales-escandalo-nuevo-actual-asamblea/},
 file = {Celi 6 16 2020 - El reparto de hospitales (2):Attachments/Celi 6 16 2020 - El reparto de hospitales (2).pdf:application/pdf}
}


@misc{Cetrangolo.2020,
 author = {Cetr{\'a}ngolo, Oscar},
 date = {2020},
 title = {{ECUADOR: J{\'o}venes, empleo y protecci{\'o}n social: Insumo para la discusi{\'o}n}},
 url = {https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_751943.pdf},
 institution = {{International Labor Organization}},
 file = {wcms{\_}751943:Attachments/wcms{\_}751943.pdf:application/pdf;wcms{\_}751943 (2):Attachments/wcms{\_}751943 (2).pdf:application/pdf}
}


@misc{Cohen.2017,
 date = {2017},
 title = {{The Political Culture of Democracy in the Americas, 2016/17: A comparative study of Democracy and Governance}},
 url = {https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2016/AB2016-17_Comparative_Report_English_V2_FINAL_090117_W.pdf},
 editor = {Cohen, Mollie J. and Lupu, Noam and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.}
}


@misc{Comercio.2021,
 abstract = {QUITO, Ecuador (AP) --- The mayor of Ecuador's capital was removed from office on Thursday following multiple allegations of wrongdoing and the opening of a corruption investigation by prosecutors.  Quito city councilors voted to dismiss Jorge Yunda after complaints about a lack of transparency, including the failure to provide details about municipal budget spending.},
 author = {{El Comercio}},
 year = {2021},
 title = {{Qui{\'e}n es Jorge Yunda, el alcalde de Quito investigado por corrupci{\'o}n que acaba de ser destituido}},
 url = {https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ecuador-quien-es-jorge-yunda-el-alcalde-de-quito-investigado-por-corrupcion-que-acaba-de-ser-destituido-noticia/}
}


@misc{Crespo.2019,
 abstract = {Estos millones de j{\'o}venes en el Ecuador tienen una sed enorme por el sentido, por llenar de significaci{\'o}n unas vidas tomadas por la desesperanza.},
 author = {{Crespo Coello}, Patricia and {Crespo Jaramillo}, Emilia},
 year = {2019},
 title = {{Desesperanza juvenil}},
 url = {https://www.planv.com.ec/historias/sociedad/desesperanza-juvenil}
}


@book{Davila.2018,
 year = {2018},
 title = {{Obras Completas: Pablo Palacio}},
 address = {Quito},
 edition = {2},
 publisher = {{Editorial Libresa}},
 editor = {D{\'a}vila, Raquel}
}


@misc{Donoso.2018,
 date = {2018},
 title = {{Cultura pol{\'i}tica de la democracia en Ecuador y en las Am{\'e}ricas, 2016/17: Un estudio comparado sobre democracia y gobernabilidad}},
 url = {https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ecuador/AB2016-17_Ecuador_Country_Report_V3_12.20.18_W_01.15.19.pdf},
 editor = {Donoso, Juan Carlos and Moncagatta, Paolo and Moscoso, Arturo and Pachano, Sim{\'o}n and Montalvo, J. Daniel and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.},
 institution = {{Latin American Public Opinion Project}},
 file = {AB2016-17{\_}Ecuador{\_}Country{\_}Report{\_}V3{\_}12.20.18{\_}W{\_}01.15.19:Attachments/AB2016-17{\_}Ecuador{\_}Country{\_}Report{\_}V3{\_}12.20.18{\_}W{\_}01.15.19.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@article{Editors.8112016,
 abstract = {The Ecuadorean indigenous political party Pachakutik yesterday validated the results of its presidential primary, naming Lourdes Tiban as its nominee for next year{\&}rsquo;s election. In an email interview, Manuela Picq discusses the legal, political and socio-economic status of Ecuador{\&}rsquo;s indigenous peoples.},
 author = {Editors, The},
 year = {8/11/2016},
 title = {{Ecuador's Indigenous Peoples See Protest `Criminalized' Under Correa}},
 url = {https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/19661/ecuador-s-indigenous-peoples-see-protest-criminalized-under-correa},
 urldate = {11/17/2021},
 journal = {{World Politics Review}}
}


@misc{ElUniverso.2017,
 year = {2017},
 title = {{Algunos de los casos m{\'a}s pol{\'e}micos de cercanos al gobierno de Rafael Correa}},
 url = {https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2017/05/23/nota/6197560/algunos-casos-mas-polemicos-cercanos-gobierno-rafael-correa/}
}


@misc{Espana.2015,
 abstract = {El presidente Rafael Correa admite que la econom{\'i}a ecuatoriana se est{\'a} estancando},
 author = {Espa{\~n}a, Sara},
 year = {2015},
 title = {{La ca{\'i}da del petr{\'o}leo acerca a Ecuador a la recesi{\'o}n}},
 url = {https://elpais.com/internacional/2015/09/19/actualidad/1442615187_094855.html}
}


@misc{Espana.2020,
 abstract = {Cientos de irregularidades en compra de material m{\'e}dico descomponen los tres niveles de la Administraci{\'o}n. Hay 17 detenidos, entre ellos el expresidente Bucaram},
 author = {Espa{\~n}a, Sara},
 year = {2020},
 title = {{Una oleada de casos de corrupci{\'o}n golpea Ecuador en medio de la pandemia}},
 url = {https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020-06-05/una-oleada-de-casos-de-corrupcion-golpea-ecuador-en-medio-de-la-pandemia.html},
 file = {Espa{\~n}a 6 4 2020 - Una oleada de casos:Attachments/Espa{\~n}a 6 4 2020 - Una oleada de casos.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@misc{Espinosa.2021,
 abstract = {La Fiscal{\'i}a formular{\'a} cargos por el presunto delito de falsificaci{\'o}n y uso de documento falso contra Mar{\'i}a Alejandra Vicu{\~n}a y otras 11 personas.},
 author = {Espinosa, Carlos},
 year = {2021},
 title = {{Fiscal{\'i}a formular{\'a} cargos contra la exvicepresidenta de la Rep{\'u}blica Mar{\'i}a Alejandra Vicu{\~n}a}},
 url = {https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/seguridad/fiscalia-cargos-exvicepresidenta-maria-alejandra-vicuna.html},
 file = {Espinosa 6 23 2021 - Fiscal{\'i}a formular{\'a} cargos:Attachments/Espinosa 6 23 2021 - Fiscal{\'i}a formular{\'a} cargos.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@misc{EulerHermes.2016,
 author = {{Euler Hermes}},
 date = {2016},
 title = {{Ecuador: Falling into recession}},
 url = {https://www.eulerhermes.com/content/dam/onemarketing/ehndbx/eulerhermes_com/en_gl/erd/newsimport/pdf/ecuador-country-report-dec16.pdf},
 series = {{Country Report}},
 institution = {{Euler Hermes Economic Research}}
}


@book{FederalResearchDivision.1991,
 author = {{Federal Research Division}},
 year = {1991},
 title = {{Ecuador : a country study}},
 url = {https://www.loc.gov/item/91009494/},
 address = {Library of Congress},
 edition = {3},
 series = {{Area Handbook Series}},
 institution = {{Library of Congress}}
}


@article{Fisman.2007,
 abstract = {We study cultural norms and legal enforcement in controlling corruption by analyzing the parking behavior of United Nations officials in Manhattan. Until 2002, diplomatic immunity protected UN diplomats from parking enforcement actions, so diplomats' actions were constrained by cultural norms alone. We find a strong effect of corruption norms: diplomats from high--corruption countries (on the basis of existing survey--based indices) accumulated significantly more unpaid parking violations. In 2002, enforcement authorities acquired the right to confiscate diplomatic license plates of violators. Unpaid violations dropped sharply in response. Cultural norms and (particularly in this context) legal enforcement are both important determinants of corruption.},
 author = {Fisman, Raymond and Miguel, Edward},
 year = {2007},
 title = {{Corruption, Norms, and Legal Enforcement: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets}},
 url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/527495},
 pages = {1020--1048},
 volume = {115},
 number = {6},
 issn = {00223808},
 journal = {{Journal of Political Economy}},
 doi = {10.1086/527495}
}


@article{Gino.2009,
 abstract = {[In a world where encounters with dishonesty are frequent, it is important to know if exposure to other people's unethical behavior can increase or decrease an individual's dishonesty. In Experiment 1, our confederate cheated ostentatiously by finishing a task impossibly quickly and leaving the room with the maximum reward. In line with social-norms theory, participants' level of unethical behavior increased when the confederate was an in-group member, but decreased when the confederate was an out-group member. In Experiment 2, our confederate instead asked a question about cheating, which merely strengthened the saliency of this possibility. This manipulation decreased the level of unethical behavior among the other group members. These results suggest that individuals' unethicality does not depend on the simple calculations of cost-benefit analysis, but rather depends on the social norms implied by the dishonesty of others and also on the saliency of dishonesty.]},
 author = {Gino, Francesca and Ayal, Shahar and Ariely, Dan},
 year = {2009},
 title = {{Contagion and Differentiation in Unethical Behavior: The Effect of One Bad Apple on the Barrel}},
 url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40575030},
 pages = {393--398},
 volume = {20},
 number = {3},
 issn = {09567976},
 journal = {{Psychological Science}}
}


@misc{Gonzalez.2020,
 abstract = {En los sectores p{\'u}blico y privado de salud la disponibilidad de camas es pr{\'a}cticamente nula. Como reacci{\'o}n, con vigilancia en barrios se aspira a bajar los casos en 14 parroquias.},
 author = {Gonz{\'a}lez, Javier},
 year = {2020},
 title = {{Capacidad hospitalaria al l{\'i}mite en Quito y proyecto busca controlar contagios de COVID-19}},
 url = {https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2020/07/13/nota/7905780/capacidad-hospitalaria-limite-quito-proyecto-busca-controlar/},
 file = {Gonz{\'a}lez 7 14 2020 - Capacidad hospitalaria al l{\'i}mite en:Attachments/Gonz{\'a}lez 7 14 2020 - Capacidad hospitalaria al l{\'i}mite en.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@misc{Gonzalez.2021,
 abstract = {La legisladora por la provincia del Guayas ya no forma parte de la Izquierda Democr{\'a}tica, que la auspici{\'o} para ganar una curul.},
 author = {Gonz{\'a}lez, Javier},
 year = {2021},
 title = {{?`Qui{\'e}n es Bella Jim{\'e}nez?, segunda vicepresidenta de la Asamblea y se{\~n}alada por supuesto cobro de coima}},
 url = {https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/ecuador/quien-es-bella-jimenez-segunda-vicepresidenta-de-la-asamblea-acusada-de-gestionar-cargos-publicos-a-cambio-de-dinero-nota/},
 file = {Gonz{\'a}lez 8 23 2021 - ?`Qui{\'e}n es Bella Jim{\'e}nez:Attachments/Gonz{\'a}lez 8 23 2021 - ?`Qui{\'e}n es Bella Jim{\'e}nez.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@misc{Hedgecoe.2009,
 author = {Hedgecoe, Guy},
 year = {2009},
 title = {{Rafael Correa: an Ecuadorian journey}},
 url = {https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/rafael-correa-an-ecuadorian-journey/}
}


@article{Holcombe.2015,
 abstract = {Higher levels of government expenditures and more regulation naturally invite corruption, because they provide the opportunity for government officials to be paid off for regulatory favors, subsidies, and government contracts. Some countries have relatively large governments but lower levels of corruption. Scandinavian countries offer examples. While institutional differences may explain some of the cross-country differences in corruption, the most consistent relationship is that high levels of regulation are associated with more corruption. When looking at the effect of the size of government, it is the regulatory state, rather than the productive or redistributive state, that is associated with corruption.},
 author = {Holcombe, Randall G. and Boudreaux, Christopher J.},
 year = {2015},
 title = {{Regulation and corruption}},
 url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11127-015-0263-x},
 pages = {75--85},
 volume = {164},
 number = {1-2},
 issn = {0048-5829},
 journal = {{Public Choice}},
 doi = {10.1007/s11127-015-0263-x}
}


@book{Hurtado.2007,
 author = {Hurtado, Osvaldo},
 year = {2007},
 title = {{Las costumbres de los ecuatorianos}},
 publisher = {{Editorial Planeta del Ecuador, C.A.}},
 isbn = {9789585446298}
}


@book{Hurtado.2018,
 author = {Hurtado, Osvaldo},
 year = {2018},
 title = {{Ecuador entre dos siglos}},
 address = {Bogot{\'a}},
 edition = {2},
 publisher = {{Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial, S.A.S.}}
}


@misc{INEC.2018,
 author = {INEC},
 date = {2018},
 title = {{Encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo (ENEMDU): Indicadores laborales}},
 url = {https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/EMPLEO/2018/Marzo-2018/032018_Presentacion_M_Laboral.pdf},
 institution = {INEC}
}


@misc{LAPOP.2014,
 author = {LAPOP},
 date = {2017},
 title = {{AmericasBarometer 2014: Sample Design}},
 url = {http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2014/AB-2014-Tech-Info-112114-W.pdf},
 editor = {LAPOP},
 institution = {LAPOP}
}


@misc{LAPOP.2017,
 author = {LAPOP},
 date = {2017},
 title = {{AmericasBarometer, 2016/17: Technical Information}},
 url = {https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2016/AmericasBarometer_2016-17_Sample_Design.pdf},
 editor = {LAPOP},
 institution = {LAPOP}
}


@misc{LAPOP.2019,
 author = {LAPOP},
 date = {2019},
 title = {{Ecuador 2018/19 Codebook V1.0}},
 url = {http://datasets.americasbarometer.org/database/files/Ecuador%20LAPOP%20AmericasBarometer%202019_Codebook_v1.0_W.pdf}
}


@misc{Lapop.About,
 author = {{Latin American Public Opinion Project}},
 title = {{About the AmericasBarometer}},
 url = {https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/about-americasbarometer.php}
}


@article{LaTorre.2017,
 author = {de {La Torre}, Augusto and Palladares, Jos{\'e} Hidalgo},
 year = {2017},
 title = {{La Trampa que Asfixia a la Econom{\'i}a Ecuatoriana.}},
 url = {https://www.cordes.org/images/publicaciones/otras/Trampa.pdf},
 pages = {1--45},
 volume = {1},
 number = {1},
 journal = {{CORDES: Corporaci{\'o}n de Estudios para el Desarrollo}}
}


@misc{Loaiza.2019,
 abstract = {Los pol{\'i}ticos corruptos en el Ecuador no son sorpresa. Las cifras muestran que los ecuatorianos est{\'a}n de acuerdo con la corrupci{\'o}n a cambio de obras.},
 author = {Loaiza, Yalil{\'e}},
 year = {2019},
 title = {{Pol{\'i}ticos corruptos en el Ecuador: ?`cu{\'a}nto aceptamos la corrupci{\'o}n?}},
 url = {https://gk.city/2019/07/27/politicos-corruptos-ecuador/}
}


@misc{Lucero.2020,
 author = {Lucero, Karen},
 year = {2020},
 title = {{Al joven ecuatoriano no le interesa la pol{\'i}tica, le preocupa el desempleo}},
 url = {https://www.revistagestion.ec/sociedad-analisis/al-joven-ecuatoriano-no-le-interesa-la-politica-le-preocupa-el-desempleo}
}


@incollection{Lupu.2017,
 author = {Lupu, Noam},
 title = {{Corruption in the Americas}},
 pages = {49--67},
 editor = {Cohen, Mollie J. and Lupu, Noam and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.},
 booktitle = {{The Political Culture of Democracy in the Americas, 2016/17: A comparative study of Democracy and Governance}},
 year = {2017}
}


@article{Melendez.2017,
 author = {Mel{\'e}ndez, Carlos and Moncagatta, Paolo},
 year = {2017},
 title = {{Ecuador: Una d{\'e}cada de corre{\'i}smo}},
 pages = {413--448},
 volume = {37},
 number = {2},
 journal = {{Revista de ciencia pol{\'i}tica (Santiago)}},
 doi = {10.4067/s0718-090x2017000200413},
 file = {Mel{\'e}ndez, Moncagatta 2017 - Ecuador Una d{\'e}cada de corre{\'i}smo:Attachments/Mel{\'e}ndez, Moncagatta 2017 - Ecuador Una d{\'e}cada de corre{\'i}smo.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@misc{Miguel.2021,
 abstract = {Ecuador, como el resto de Latinoam{\'e}rica, est{\'a} sufriendo los estragos de la crisis econ{\'o}mica y de salud derivadas de la pandemia. Esta crisis se acent{\'u}a por el legado de corrupci{\'o}n de administraciones pasadas.},
 author = {Miguel, Adelina},
 year = {2021},
 title = {{El combate a la corrupci{\'o}n en Ecuador tras las presidenciales | LexLatin}},
 url = {https://lexlatin.com/noticias/combate-corrupcion-ecuador-presidenciales}
}


@article{Miroff.2014,
 abstract = {Despite setbacks, Ecuador's Correa rolls on with {\textquotedbl}Citizen Revolution{\textquotedbl}},
 author = {Miroff, Nick},
 year = {2014},
 title = {{Ecuador's popular, powerful president Rafael Correa is a study in contradictions}},
 url = {https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ecuadors-popular-powerful-president-rafael-correa-is-a-study-in-contradictions/2014/03/15/452111fc-3eaa-401b-b2c8-cc4e85fccb40_story.html},
 journal = {{The Washington Post}}
}


@misc{Molina.2021,
 abstract = {Por el delito de peculado que se habr{\'i}a cometido en el Isspol son procesados cuatro exfuncionarios de la seguridad social policial.},
 author = {Molina, Santiago},
 year = {2021},
 title = {{Dos generales de la Polic{\'i}a Nacional son llamados a rendir versi{\'o}n en caso Isspol que investiga el delito de peculado}},
 url = {https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/politica/dos-generales-de-la-policia-nacional-son-llamados-a-rendir-version-en-caso-isspol-que-investiga-el-delito-de-peculado-nota/}
}


@incollection{Moncagatta.2018,
 author = {Moncagatta, Paolo and Montero, Camila},
 title = {{Actitudes hacia la democracia en el Ecuador: Apoyo y satisfacci{\'o}n con la democracia al t{\'e}rmino del mandato de Rafael Correa}},
 pages = {59--80},
 volume = {1},
 editor = {Donoso, Juan Carlos and Moncagatta, Paolo and Moscoso, Arturo and Pachano, Sim{\'o}n and Montalvo, J. Daniel and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.},
 booktitle = {{Cultura pol{\'i}tica de la democracia en Ecuador y en las Am{\'e}ricas, 2016/17: Un estudio comparado sobre democracia y gobernabilidad}},
 year = {2018}
}


@misc{Moncagatta.2020,
 date = {2020},
 title = {{The Political Culture of Democracy in Ecuador and in the Americas, 2018/19: Taking the Pulse of Democracy}},
 url = {https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ecuador/AB2018-19-Ecuador-Country-Report-Eng-V2-W-200903.pdf},
 editor = {Moncagatta, Paolo and Moscoso, Arturo and Pachano, Sim{\'o}n and Montalvo, J. Daniel and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.},
 institution = {{Latin American Public Opinion Project}},
 file = {AB2018-19{\_}Ecuador{\_}Country{\_}Report{\_}V2{\_}W{\_}02.03.20 (1):Attachments/AB2018-19{\_}Ecuador{\_}Country{\_}Report{\_}V2{\_}W{\_}02.03.20 (1).pdf:application/pdf}
}


@incollection{Moncagatta.2020b,
 author = {Moncagatta, Paolo and Poveda, Ana Emilia},
 title = {{The Politicization of Citizens and Ideological Polarization in Ecuador}},
 pages = {73--88},
 editor = {Moncagatta, Paolo and Moscoso, Arturo and Pachano, Sim{\'o}n and Montalvo, J. Daniel and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.},
 booktitle = {{The Political Culture of Democracy in Ecuador and in the Americas, 2018/19: Taking the Pulse of Democracy}},
 year = {2020}
}


@incollection{Montalvo.2019,
 author = {Montalvo, J. Daniel},
 title = {{Spotlight on Corruption Tolerance in Ecuador}},
 pages = {67},
 editor = {Zechmeister, Elizabeth J. and Lupu, Noam},
 booktitle = {{Pulse of Democracy}},
 year = {2019},
 address = {Nashville, TN}
}


@misc{Moreno.2016,
 abstract = {``A exigirles que revelen toda la verdad''. Ese mensaje fue publicado en Twitter por el presidente Rafael Correa, junto con la divulgaci{\'o}n de los nombres de seis periodistas ecuatorianos que colaboraron en la investigaci{\'o}n period{\'i}stica del caso `Panama Papers' y las cuentas de Twitter de cinco de ellos.},
 author = {Moreno, Francisco},
 year = {2021},
 title = {{Correa apunta a periodistas por caso `Panama Papers'}},
 url = {https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/politica/alerta-fundamedios-periodistas-panamapapers-rafaelcorrea.html}
}


@article{Morris.2008,
 author = {Morris, Stephen},
 year = {2008},
 title = {{Disaggregating Corruption: A Comparison of Participation and Perceptions in Latin America with a Focus on Mexico 1}},
 pages = {388--409},
 volume = {27},
 number = {3},
 issn = {02613050},
 journal = {{Bulletin of Latin American Research}},
 doi = {10.1111/j.1470-9856.2008.00276.x}
}


@misc{Morris.2021,
 abstract = {``Corruption

and Purity.''},
 author = {Morris, Stephen},
 date = {2021},
 title = {{Corruption and Anti-Corruption from the Left and Right in the Americas}},
 url = {https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/files/b298016d/bi-brief-072021-usmx-anticorruption.pdf},
 publisher = {{James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University}},
 institution = {{Rice University}},
 doi = {10.25613/61ZB-RW45},
 file = {Corruption and Anti-Corruption from the Left and Right in the Americas:Attachments/Corruption and Anti-Corruption from the Left and Right in the Americas.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@incollection{Moscoso.2018,
 author = {Moscoso, Arturo},
 title = {{Corrupci{\'o}n y democracia en el Ecuador: Efectos de la corrupci{\'o}n en la opini{\'o}n p{\'u}blica sobre la democracia, el apoyo al sistema y la tolerancia pol{\'i}tica}},
 pages = {85--114},
 editor = {Donoso, Juan Carlos and Moncagatta, Paolo and Moscoso, Arturo and Pachano, Sim{\'o}n and Montalvo, J. Daniel and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.},
 booktitle = {{Cultura pol{\'i}tica de la democracia en Ecuador y en las Am{\'e}ricas, 2016/17: Un estudio comparado sobre democracia y gobernabilidad}},
 year = {2018}
}


@incollection{Moscoso.2020,
 author = {Moscoso, Arturo and Moncagatta, Paolo},
 title = {{Attitudes Towards Corruption in Ecuador}},
 pages = {113--123},
 editor = {Moncagatta, Paolo and Moscoso, Arturo and Pachano, Sim{\'o}n and Montalvo, J. Daniel and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.},
 booktitle = {{The Political Culture of Democracy in Ecuador and in the Americas, 2018/19: Taking the Pulse of Democracy}},
 year = {2020}
}


@misc{Onate.00011130T00:00:00+00:00,
 abstract = {La crisis sanitaria que estall{\'o} este a{\~n}o por el coronavirus tambi{\'e}n desat{\'o} una ola de corrupci{\'o}n a escala nacional.},
 author = {O{\~n}ate, Sara},
 year = {2020},
 title = {{La corrupci{\'o}n sorprendi{\'o} en la pandemia a Ecuador}},
 url = {https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/seguridad/corrupcion-sorprendio-pandemia-ecuador-contratos.html}
}


@misc{Ordonez.2021,
 abstract = {La sanci{\'o}n aprobada con seis votos se aplicar{\'a} una vez que sea notificada la legisladora de Pachakutik en representaci{\'o}n de la provincia de Napo},
 author = {Ord{\'o}{\~n}ez, Vicente},
 year = {2021},
 title = {{Rosa Cerda por su apolog{\'i}a `roben bien' es suspendida como asamble{\'i}sta por ocho d{\'i}as y sin sueldo}},
 url = {https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/politica/rosa-cerda-por-su-apologia-roben-bien-es-suspendida-como-asambleista-por-ocho-dias-y-sin-sueldo-nota/},
 file = {Ord{\'o}{\~n}ez 8 23 2021 - Rosa Cerda por su apolog{\'i}a:Attachments/Ord{\'o}{\~n}ez 8 23 2021 - Rosa Cerda por su apolog{\'i}a.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@misc{Orozco.2015,
 abstract = {A diferencia de la crisis que vivi{\'o} el pa{\'i}s en el 2009, el Gobierno deber{\'a} enfrentar un 2015 sin ahorros y con escenario externo m{\'a}s complejo.},
 author = {Orozco, M{\'o}nica},
 year = {2015},
 title = {{Las crisis del 2009 y 2015 son distintas}},
 url = {https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/negocios/crisis-2009-2015-son-distintas.html}
}


@misc{Ortiz.2013,
 abstract = {CIDOB Barcelona Centre for International Affairs},
 editor = {Ortiz, Roberto},
 year = {2013},
 title = {{Rafael Correa Delgado: Biograf{\'i}as de L{\'i}deres Pol{\'i}ticos}},
 url = {https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/ecuador/rafael_correa_delgado}
}


@incollection{Palacio.2018,
 author = {Palacio, Pablo},
 title = {{Un hombre muerto a puntapi{\'e}s}},
 pages = {75--146},
 publisher = {{Editorial Libresa}},
 editor = {D{\'a}vila, Raquel},
 booktitle = {{Obras Completas}},
 year = {2018},
 address = {Quito}
}


@misc{Pesantes.9152020,
 abstract = {La Fiscal{\'i}a proces{\'o} a exfuncionarios y proveedores, dentro del caso de delincuencia organizada en la compra de insumos en el hospital del IESS.},
 author = {Pesantes, Karla},
 year = {2020},
 title = {{Esc{\'a}ndalo de corrupci{\'o}n en hospital del IESS suma siete nuevos acusados}},
 url = {https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/lo-ultimo/corrupcion-hospital-iess-nuevos-acusados/}
}


@misc{PlanV.2021,
 author = {{Plan V}},
 editor = {{Redacci{\'o}n Plan V}},
 year = {2021},
 title = {{La asamble{\'i}sta que dijo `si roben, roben bien' se enreda m{\'a}s}},
 url = {https://www.planv.com.ec/confidenciales/confidencial-politica/la-asambleista-que-dijo-si-roben-roben-bien-se-enreda-mas}
}


@misc{Press.1222018,
 abstract = {President Lenin Moreno said a top aide, Jose Briones, would occupy the vice presidency, but gave no indication for how long},
 author = {{Associated Press}},
 year = {2018},
 title = {{Ecuador VP Removed, Accused of Taking Kickbacks from Aide}},
 url = {https://www.voanews.com/a/ecuador-vp-removed-accused-of-taking-kickbacks-from-aide/4685125.html}
}


@misc{Quillupangui.2016,
 abstract = {Un 58 {\%} de la poblaci{\'o}n desaprueba la gesti{\'o}n del presidente de Ecuador, Rafael Correa, seg{\'u}n una encuesta difundida hoy por la firma Cedatos, que record{\'o} que el gobernante comenz{\'o} su mandato en 2007 con un {\textquotedbl}registro in{\'e}dito{\textquotedbl} del 73 {\%} de aprobaci{\'o}n.},
 author = {Quillupangui, Soraya},
 editor = {{El Comercio}},
 year = {2016},
 title = {{Un 58{\%} de la poblaci{\'o}n desaprueba la gesti{\'o}n del presidente Rafael Correa, seg{\'u}n Cedatos}},
 url = {https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/politica/desaprueba-gestion-rafaelcorrea-ecuador-cedatos.html},
 file = {Quillupangui -0001-11-30T00 00 00 00 00 - Un 58{\%} de la poblaci{\'o}n:Attachments/Quillupangui -0001-11-30T00 00 00 00 00 - Un 58{\%} de la poblaci{\'o}n.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@article{Richey.2010,
 author = {Richey, Sean},
 year = {2010},
 title = {{The Impact of Corruption on Social Trust}},
 pages = {676--690},
 volume = {38},
 number = {4},
 issn = {1532-673X},
 journal = {{American Politics Research}},
 doi = {10.1177/1532673X09341531}
}


@misc{Rivadeneira.2020,
 abstract = {Las {\'u}ltimas investigaciones se centran en dos operaciones que suman {\$}532 millones, cuyos pagos ya est{\'a}n vencidos en m{\'a}s de {\$}100 millones, al momento.},
 author = {Rivadeneira, Gladys},
 year = {2020},
 title = {{Si el Isspol no recupera los m{\'a}s de {\$}500 millones presuntamente estafados, el Estado asumir{\'a} el pago de las prestaciones de los polic{\'i}as}},
 url = {https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2020/09/22/nota/7986544/isspol-investigacion-corrupcion-inversiones/}
}


@misc{RoaChejin.2020,
 abstract = {Se habla de sobreprecios de hasta el 9000{\%} en las compras p{\'u}blicas de insumos m{\'e}dicos, ?`cu{\'a}nto cuesta la corrupci{\'o}n durante la emergencia en Ecuador?},
 author = {Roa, Susana},
 year = {2020},
 title = {{La cirug{\'i}a que sali{\'o} mal}},
 url = {https://gk.city/2020/05/24/corrupcion-emergencia-ecuador/}
}


@misc{Sarango.2017,
 abstract = {1) 1987. La llegada de Odebrecht a Ecuador ​ La empresa brasile{\~n}a Odebrecht tiene presencia en Ecuador desde hace 30 a{\~n}os. En ese tiempo, la constructora ha sido responsable de proyectos de infraestructura. En seis gobiernos anteriores al de Rafael Correa, Odebrecht tuvo participaci{\'o}n en adjudicaci{\'o}n de obras. Sin embargo, en el mandato del l{\'i}der de Alianza Pa{\'i}s, se desataron la mayor{\'i}a de esc{\'a}ndalos de corrupci{\'o}n, que empezaron con la expulsi{\'o}n de la empresa en el 2007 y que tuvieron su m{\'a}s reciente cap{\'i}tulo, este jueves 2 de junio del 2017, con allanamientos que dejaron un cheque de Odebrecht confiscado y el t{\'i}o de vicepresidente Jorge Glas detenido.},
 author = {Sarango, Santiago},
 year = {2017},
 title = {{10 claves para entender el caso Odebrecht en Ecuador}},
 url = {https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/seguridad/claves-caso-odebrecht-ecuador-sobornos.html}
}


@article{Shleifer.1993,
 author = {Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. W.},
 year = {1993},
 title = {{Corruption}},
 pages = {599--617},
 volume = {108},
 number = {3},
 issn = {0033-5533},
 journal = {{The Quarterly Journal of Economics}},
 doi = {10.2307/2118402},
 file = {corruption QJE:Attachments/corruption QJE.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@incollection{Singer.2016,
 author = {Singer, Matthew M. and Carlin, Ryan E. and Love, Gregory J.},
 title = {{Corruption in the Americas}},
 pages = {143--163},
 editor = {Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.},
 booktitle = {{The Political Culture of Democracy in the Americas, 2014: Democratic Governance across 10 Years of the AmericasBarometer}},
 year = {2016}
}


@article{Siverson.2014,
 abstract = {We address the consequences of corruption within a state on the extent to which populations have shortened life expectancy due to political corruption. Using three variables to estimate corruption, the results support the expectation that corruption increases average disability shortened life years (DALY). The results persist when estimating the model including measures of deaths from civil war and the number of bordering states experiencing civil war, both previously shown to have an effect on DALY, although these two variables are not statistically significant in our models. While the estimated effects of the corruption variables continue to capture much of the variation in DALY for a global group of nations, they completely fail to explain any variation in Sub-Saharan African states, probably because of the devastating effects of AIDS and malaria in that region. Finally, we discuss why this failure occurs and discuss the implications of our results.},
 author = {Siverson, Randolph M. and Johnson, Richard A.I.},
 year = {2014},
 title = {{Politics and Parasites: The Contribution of Corruption to Human Misery}},
 url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/24017858},
 pages = {199--206},
 volume = {58},
 number = {1},
 issn = {00208833},
 journal = {{International Studies Quarterly}}
}


@misc{Taj.2021,
 author = {Taj, Mitra and Kurmanaev, Anatoly and {Andreoni, Manuela, Politi, Daniel}},
 year = {2021},
 title = {{`V.I.P. Immunization' for the Powerful and Their Cronies Rattles South America}},
 url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/25/world/americas/covid-south-america-vaccine-corruption.html?}
}


@misc{Telegrafo.2016,
 abstract = {El presidente ecuatoriano, Rafael Correa, pidi{\'o} el martes en Nueva York una {\textquotedbl}campa{\~n}a mundial{\textquotedbl} para que se d{\'e} a conocer {\textquotedbl}toda la i...},
 author = {{El Tel{\'e}grafo}},
 year = {2016},
 title = {{Presidente Correa pide {\textquotedbl}campa{\~n}a mundial{\textquotedbl} para revelar {\textquotedbl}toda la informaci{\'o}n{\textquotedbl} de 'Panama Papers'}},
 url = {https://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/economia/8/presidente-correa-pide-campana-mundial-para-revelar-toda-la-informacion-de-panama-papers}
}


@misc{TheAmazonPost.2016,
 year = {2016},
 title = {{International Organizations Denounce Ecuador's Record on Corruption, Press Freedom}},
 url = {https://theamazonpost.com/international-organizations-denounce-ecuadors-record-on-corruption-press-freedom/}
}


@misc{TheLatinAmericanPublicOpinionProject.,
 author = {{The Latin American Public Opinion Project}},
 title = {{The Americas Barometer}},
 url = {www.LapopSurveys.org.},
 institution = {{The Latin American Public Opinion Project}}
}


@misc{Vasconez.2016,
 abstract = {Las proyecciones del Instituto Nacional de Estad{\'i}stica y Censos (INEC) dan cuenta de que en el 2017 un 33,5{\%} de la poblaci{\'o}n ser{\'a} joven (entre 16 y 29 a{\~n}os). Es decir, estar{\'a} habilitado para votar.},
 author = {V{\'a}sconez, Luc{\'i}a},
 year = {2016},
 title = {{La educaci{\'o}n y el trabajo inquietan al votante joven}},
 url = {https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/politica/educacion-elecciones2017-votante-joven-ecuador.html}
}


@book{Villavicencio.2019,
 author = {Villavicencio, Fernando and Zurita and Christan},
 year = {2019},
 title = {{Arroz Verde: La Industria del Soborno}},
 address = {Quito},
 edition = {1},
 publisher = {{Editorial La Fuente}},
 institution = {{La Fuente Periodismo de Investigaci{\'o}n}}
}


@article{Warren.2004,
 author = {Warren, Mark E.},
 year = {2004},
 title = {{What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy?}},
 pages = {328--343},
 volume = {48},
 number = {2},
 issn = {00925853},
 journal = {{American Journal of Political Science}},
 doi = {10.2307/1519886}
}


@misc{Weisbrot.2017,
 author = {Weisbrot, Mark and Johnston, Jake and Merling, Lara},
 date = {2017},
 title = {{Decade of Reform: Ecuador's Macroeconomic Policies, Institutional Changes, and Results}},
 url = {https://cepr.net/images/stories/reports/ecuador-2017-02.pdf},
 address = {Washington DC},
 institution = {{Center for Economic and Policy Research}}
}


@misc{WorldPoliticsReview.2016,
 abstract = {The Ecuadorean indigenous political party Pachakutik yesterday validated the results of its presidential primary, naming Lourdes Tiban as its nominee for next year{\&}rsquo;s election. In an email interview, Manuela Picq discusses the legal, political and socio-economic status of Ecuador{\&}rsquo;s indigenous peoples.},
 year = {2016},
 title = {{Ecuador's Indigenous Peoples See Protest `Criminalized' Under Correa}},
 url = {https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/19661/ecuador-s-indigenous-peoples-see-protest-criminalized-under-correa}
}


@misc{Zechmeister.2016,
 date = {2016},
 title = {{The Political Culture of Democracy in the Americas, 2014: Democratic Governance across 10 Years of the AmericasBarometer}},
 url = {http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2014/AB2014_Comparative_Report_English_V3_Updated_040517_W.pdf},
 editor = {Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.},
 institution = {LAPOP}
}


@misc{Zechmeister.2019,
 date = {2019},
 title = {{Pulse of Democracy}},
 url = {https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2018/2018-19_AmericasBarometer_Regional_Report_10.13.19.pdf},
 address = {Nashville, TN},
 edition = {1},
 editor = {Zechmeister, Elizabeth J. and Lupu, Noam},
 institution = {LAPOP}
}