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R Language.mm
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<!--To view this file, download Docear - The Academic Literature Suite from http://www.docear.org -->
<node TEXT=" R Language" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="AutomaticLayout.level.root" FOLDED="false" ID="ID_1723255651" CREATED="1283093380553" MODIFIED="1402382193640" BACKGROUND_COLOR="#ffffff">
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<node TEXT="Introduction" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subtopic" POSITION="right" ID="ID_703851366" CREATED="1402382223921" MODIFIED="1404790423718">
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<b><font color="#0066ff" size="3">Numeric:2, 5 </font></b>
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<p>
<b><font color="#0066ff" size="3">Complex:2 + 3i, 4 - 8i </font></b>
</p>
<p>
<b><font color="#0066ff" size="3">Character:"Hello","a" </font></b>
</p>
<p>
<b><font color="#0066ff" size="3">Logical:TRUE, FALSE </font></b>
</p>
<p>
<b><font color="#0066ff" size="3">NA </font></b>
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<p>
<b><font color="#0066ff" size="3">Nan</font></b>
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<p>
<b>Type determination：</b>
</p>
<p>
<font color="#ff0033">mode()<br color="#ff0033"/>class()</font><font color="#0066ff"><br color="#0066ff"/>is.numeric() </font>
</p>
<p>
<font color="#0066ff">is.vector()<br color="#0066ff"/>is.logical()<br color="#0066ff"/>is.charactor() </font>
</p>
<p>
<font color="#0066ff">is.factor() </font>
</p>
<p>
<font color="#0066ff">is.matrix()<br color="#0066ff"/>is.data.frame() </font>
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<p>
<font color="#0066ff">is.na()</font>
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<b><font color="#000000" size="3">Type transform：</font></b><font color="#0066ff" size="3"><br size="3" color="#0066ff"/>as.numeric() </font>
</p>
<p>
<font size="3" color="#0066ff">as.vector()<br size="3" color="#0066ff"/>as.logical()<br size="3" color="#0066ff"/>as.charactor() </font>
</p>
<p>
<font size="3" color="#0066ff">as.factor()<br size="3" color="#0066ff"/>as.matrix()<br size="3" color="#0066ff"/>as.dataframe()</font>
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<ol>
<li>
vector
</li>
<li>
matrix
</li>
<li>
array
</li>
<li>
dataframe
</li>
<li>
factor
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<li>
list
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Vector：c(1,3,7), 5:10, <font color="#ff0000"><b>seq( ), rep( )</b></font>, c("a","b"), <font color="#ff0000"><b>cut( ), pretty( ), cat( )</b></font>
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<head>
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<p style="text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="黑体">函 数                             描 述<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="Courier">seq(</font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>from</i></font><font size="3" face="Courier">, </font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>to</i></font><font size="3" face="Courier">, </font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>by</i></font><font size="3" face="Courier">)              </font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">生成一个序列<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 105.0pt; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="Courier">           indices <- seq(1,10,2)<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 105.0pt; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="Courier">           indices</font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">的值为</font><font size="3" face="Courier">c(1, 3, 5, 7, 9)<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="Courier">rep(</font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="3" face="Courier">, </font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>n</i></font><font size="3" face="Courier">)                           </font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">将</font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">重复</font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>n</i></font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">次<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 105.0pt; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="Courier">           y <- rep(1:3, 2)<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 105.0pt; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">           y</font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">的值为</font><font size="3" face="Courier">c(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="Courier">cut(</font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="3" face="Courier">, </font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>n</i></font><font size="3" face="Courier">)                            </font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">将连续型变量</font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">分割为有着</font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>n</i></font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">个水平的因子<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 105.0pt; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">          使用选项</font><font size="3" face="Courier">ordered_result = TRUE</font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">以创建一个有序型因子<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="Courier">pretty(</font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="3" face="Courier">, </font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>n</i></font><font size="3" face="Courier">)                        </font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">创建美观的分割点。通过选取</font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>n</i></font><font size="3" face="Courier">+1</font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">个等间距的取整值，<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 105.0pt; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">           将一个连续型变量</font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">分割为</font><font size="3" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>n</i></font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">个区间。绘图中常用<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="Courier">cat(... , file ="myfile",<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="Courier">append =FALSE)  </font><font size="8.0pt" face="Courier"><o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 105.0pt; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">连接</font><font size="3" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">...</font><font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">中的对象，并将其输出到屏幕上或文件中 </font>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 105.0pt; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">（如果声明了   一个的话）<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 105.0pt; text-indent: 21.0pt; text-align: left" align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="Courier">firstname <- c("Jane")<o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 105.0pt; text-indent: 21.0pt" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3" face="Courier">cat("Hello" ,firstname, "\n")</font><font size="3"><o size="3" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
</node>
<node ID="ID_780319642" CREATED="1402384579656" MODIFIED="1404825150552"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
Matrix：matrix(vector, nrow, ncol, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list( , ) )
</p>
<p>
              <font color="#ff0000"><b>rbind, cbind, t( )</b></font>
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Array：array(vector, dimensions, dimnames)" ID="ID_13260488" CREATED="1402384757156" MODIFIED="1402384843609">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node ID="ID_193190614" CREATED="1402384816906" MODIFIED="1404824049927"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
Dataframe：data.frame(col1,col2,col3,...,row.names = , stringsAsFactors = TRUE)
</p>
<p>
<font color="#ff0000"><b>attach( ), detach( ), with( ), <<-</b></font>
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Factor：factor(c("e","b","e"), order = TURE, levels = c("b","e"),
 labels = c("male","female"))" ID="ID_1217647096" CREATED="1402386196140" MODIFIED="1402391703125">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="List：list(name1 = object1, name2 = object2,...)" ID="ID_1497969315" CREATED="1402386683500" MODIFIED="1402386706671">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node ID="ID_9308849" CREATED="1402386718546" MODIFIED="1402413048218"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
<b>Subsets selection from </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>different types of datasets</b>
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<hook NAME="SummaryNode"/>
<font SIZE="14"/>
<node TEXT="Vector：a <- 2:6, a[1], a[c(3,5)], a[-4]" ID="ID_1857009342" CREATED="1402386822718" MODIFIED="1402386943968">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Matrix：a <- matrix(1:12, nrow = 3), a[2,3], a[3,c(1,4)], a[2,], a[,1]" ID="ID_1053887722" CREATED="1402386946484" MODIFIED="1402387138687">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Array：a <- array(1:24,dim = c(2,3,4)), a[1,2,4], a[ , ,-3]" ID="ID_445891546" CREATED="1402387146843" MODIFIED="1402387360046">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node ID="ID_427324250" CREATED="1402387579203" MODIFIED="1404817821453"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
Dataframe：a <- data.frame(col1,col2,col3), a[ ,c(1,2)], a[3:5, 1]
</p>
<p>
                      <font color="#ff0000">which( ), subset( )</font>
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Factor：a <- factor(c("e","b","e"), order = TURE, levels = c("b","e")), a[1]" ID="ID_1104749937" CREATED="1402387676265" MODIFIED="1402387787875">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="List：a <- list(title = "hi", num = 1:5, mat = matrix(1:12,nrow = 3)), a[[1]], a$num" ID="ID_1772291500" CREATED="1402387802984" MODIFIED="1402387937281">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Data Import/Export" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subtopic" FOLDED="true" POSITION="right" ID="ID_1971919004" CREATED="1402389845062" MODIFIED="1404790459312">
<edge COLOR="#7c007c"/>
<font SIZE="14"/>
<node TEXT="Import" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subsubtopic" ID="ID_1488361660" CREATED="1402389948468" MODIFIED="1404790405515">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node ID="ID_1437732090" CREATED="1402390002828" MODIFIED="1402390172671"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
Keyboard: mydata <- data.frame(age = numeric(0),gender = character(0))
</p>
<ol>
<li>
mydata <- edit(mydata)
</li>
<li>
fix(mydata)
</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node ID="ID_1212108258" CREATED="1402390192609" MODIFIED="1402394560062"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
Delimiter doc: read.table(file, header = TRUE, sep = " ", row.names = "name")
</p>
<p>
Useful parameter: <b><font color="#ff0033">stringsAsFactors = TRUE, colClasses</font></b>
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Others: Zip file, Excel, XML, Web, SPSS, SAS, Stata, SQL..." ID="ID_296107712" CREATED="1402390431625" MODIFIED="1404786834812" LINK="file:/G:/BaiduYunDownload/Docear/data_import.pdf">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<pdf_annotation type="PDF_FILE" object_id="0" document_hash="80BCE8C0B024574CBE136F659E5D4E89D5FFE42373BCA7D619AA956B88E12">
<pdf_title>2.3.3Excel</pdf_title>
</pdf_annotation>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Export" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subsubtopic" ID="ID_1832858844" CREATED="1402389956781" MODIFIED="1404790405515">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="write.table(x, outfile, sep = delimiter, quote = TRUE, na = NA)
write.table(mydata, "mydata.txt", sep = ",")" ID="ID_274673006" CREATED="1402394693250" MODIFIED="1402394775718">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="library(xlsx) 
write.xlsx(mydata, "mydata.xlsx")" ID="ID_65477955" CREATED="1402394795593" MODIFIED="1402394945000">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="library(foriegn)
write.foreign(mydata, "mydata.txt", "mycode.sps", package = "SPSS")" ID="ID_1427874957" CREATED="1402394946281" MODIFIED="1402394962609">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Data Management" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subtopic" FOLDED="true" POSITION="right" ID="ID_193506881" CREATED="1404789420171" MODIFIED="1404790423750">
<edge COLOR="#00ff00"/>
<font SIZE="14"/>
<node TEXT="Create New Variable inside a dataframe" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subsubtopic" ID="ID_588499754" CREATED="1404789462296" MODIFIED="1404790405515">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="attach( ) and detach( )" ID="ID_787706444" CREATED="1404789545296" MODIFIED="1404790053015"><richcontent TYPE="NOTE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
attach(mydata)
</p>
<p>
mydata$sumx <- x1 + x2
</p>
<p>
mydata$meanx <- (x1 + x2)/2
</p>
<p>
detach(mydata)
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node ID="ID_1964606200" CREATED="1404789565281" MODIFIED="1404790053000"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
mydata <- <b><font color="#ff0000">transform</font></b>(mydata, sumx = x1 + x2, meanx = (x1 +
</p>
<p>
    x2)/2)
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Recode" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subsubtopic" ID="ID_1015027076" CREATED="1404789673578" MODIFIED="1404790405500">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="Logical Operators" ID="ID_511386468" CREATED="1404789699562" MODIFIED="1404790033718"><richcontent TYPE="NOTE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
逻辑运算符
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
运 算 符    描 述
</p>
<p>
<              小于
</p>
<p>
<=            小于或等于
</p>
<p>
>              大于
</p>
<p>
>=            大于或等于
</p>
<p>
==            严格等于
</p>
<p>
!=             不等于
</p>
<p>
!x             非x
</p>
<p>
x | y         x或y
</p>
<p>
x & y        X和y
</p>
<p>
isTRUE(x) 测试x是否为TRUE
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="variable[condition] <- expression" ID="ID_524502479" CREATED="1404789964656" MODIFIED="1404790033734">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node ID="ID_13735164" CREATED="1404789997218" MODIFIED="1404790140968"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
difference between <b><font color="#ff0000">within</font></b>( ) and with( )
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
<richcontent TYPE="NOTE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
within( ) can modify the dataframe whereas with( ) can not.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
leadership <- within(leadership, {
</p>
<p>
    agecat <- NA
</p>
<p>
    agecat[age > 75] <- "Elder"
</p>
<p>
    agecat[age >= 55 & age <= 75] <- "Middle Aged"
</p>
<p>
    agecat[age < 55] <- "Young"
</p>
<p>
})
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Other recoding functions" ID="ID_611306883" CREATED="1404790147656" MODIFIED="1404790167046">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="car::recode( )" ID="ID_1766891191" CREATED="1404790174531" MODIFIED="1404790233921">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="doBy::recodevar( )" ID="ID_1411335055" CREATED="1404790184312" MODIFIED="1404790233921">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="cut( )" ID="ID_518853067" CREATED="1404790222796" MODIFIED="1404790286000" COLOR="#ff0000">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Rename" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subsubtopic" ID="ID_1429563450" CREATED="1404790346968" MODIFIED="1404790405500">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="interactive method: fix(dataframe)" ID="ID_894282683" CREATED="1404790518937" MODIFIED="1404790670312">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="names(dataframe)[ ] <- string" ID="ID_1150321921" CREATED="1404790542500" MODIFIED="1404790670296">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="library(reshape)
rename(leadership, c(manager = "managerID", date = "testDate"))" ID="ID_375044895" CREATED="1404790572062" MODIFIED="1404790670281">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Dealing with NA" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subsubtopic" ID="ID_1485503619" CREATED="1404790923218" MODIFIED="1404790943000">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="is.na( )" ID="ID_1755861110" CREATED="1404790952296" MODIFIED="1404791061328">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="anyNA( )" ID="ID_1312914041" CREATED="1404790966046" MODIFIED="1404791067781" COLOR="#ff0000">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Parameter of many functions: na.rm = TRUE" ID="ID_917952365" CREATED="1404790974265" MODIFIED="1404791061312">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node ID="ID_1925161118" CREATED="1404791015890" MODIFIED="1404791087062"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
listwise deletion: <font color="#ff0000">na.omit</font>(dataframe)
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Date Time" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subsubtopic" ID="ID_1745406811" CREATED="1404814184703" MODIFIED="1404814199546">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="char to date: as.Date(x, "input_format")" ID="ID_623777959" CREATED="1404814207734" MODIFIED="1404814593734">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<richcontent TYPE="NOTE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
日期格式
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
符 号   含 义                              示 例
</p>
<p>
%d      数字表示的日期（0~31） 01~31
</p>
<p>
%a      缩写的星期名                  Mon
</p>
<p>
%A     非缩写星期名                   Monday
</p>
<p>
%m    月份（00~12）                 00~12
</p>
<p>
%b     缩写的月份                      Jan
</p>
<p>
%B     非缩写月份                     January
</p>
<p>
%y     两位数的年份                   07
</p>
<p>
%Y     四位数的年份                  2007
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
</node>
<node TEXT="Sys.Date( ), date( )" ID="ID_1472776656" CREATED="1404814260437" MODIFIED="1404814424078" COLOR="#ff0000">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Print date: format(x, format = "output_format")" ID="ID_776099452" CREATED="1404814288562" MODIFIED="1404814406171">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node ID="ID_910392921" CREATED="1404814320843" MODIFIED="1404814406171"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<pre>time1 - time2: difftime(time1, time2, units = c("auto", "secs", "mins", "hours",
"days", "weeks"))</pre>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node ID="ID_205113154" CREATED="1404814612734" MODIFIED="1404814647046"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
Other time packages: <font color="#ff0000">lubridate, fCalendar</font>
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Sort" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subsubtopic" ID="ID_1014455947" CREATED="1404814781578" MODIFIED="1404814790609">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="order( )" ID="ID_1482555324" CREATED="1404814795984" MODIFIED="1404816168125" COLOR="#ff0000">
<font BOLD="true"/>
<node TEXT="Based on one var" ID="ID_1766946447" CREATED="1404814841093" MODIFIED="1404816082484">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="increasing: newdata <- data[order(data$X1),]" ID="ID_593889949" CREATED="1404816084031" MODIFIED="1404816142593">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="decreasing: newdata <- data[order(-data$X1),]" ID="ID_1987793003" CREATED="1404816088781" MODIFIED="1404816142593">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Based on more than one var: newdata <- data[order(data$X1,data$X2),]" ID="ID_846578164" CREATED="1404816001750" MODIFIED="1404816058671">
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Merge" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subsubtopic" ID="ID_485960226" CREATED="1404817429484" MODIFIED="1404817879281">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node ID="ID_1775495305" CREATED="1404817440625" MODIFIED="1404817551765"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
<font color="#ff0000">merge( )</font>, cbind( ), rbind( )
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Sampling" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subsubtopic" ID="ID_471792017" CREATED="1404817883484" MODIFIED="1404817954109">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node ID="ID_1511494113" CREATED="1404817891281" MODIFIED="1404823162630"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
Random sampling: sample(x, n, replace = TRUE), <font color="#ff0000">set.seed( )</font>
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node ID="ID_1366309010" CREATED="1404817919765" MODIFIED="1404817948218"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
Packages: <font color="#ff0000">sampling, survey</font>
</p>
</body>
</html>
</richcontent>
<font SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Advanced Data Management" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subtopic" FOLDED="true" POSITION="right" ID="ID_948668580" CREATED="1404818277171" MODIFIED="1404818292781">
<edge COLOR="#ff00ff"/>
<font SIZE="14"/>
<node TEXT="Built-in functions" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.subsubtopic" ID="ID_1356938234" CREATED="1404818299156" MODIFIED="1404872367062">
<font SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="Math functions" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.topic" ID="ID_362721523" CREATED="1404818384859" MODIFIED="1404872382218"><richcontent TYPE="NOTE">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>
数学函数 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
函 数<span lang="EN-US">                           </span>描 述 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">abs(x)                          </span>绝对值 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">abs(-4)</span><span>                         </span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">4 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">sqrt(x) </span><span>                        </span>平方根<span lang="EN-US">sqrt(25)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">5 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>和<span lang="EN-US">25^(0.5)</span>等价 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">ceiling(x) </span><span>                     </span>不小于<span lang="EN-US">x</span>的最小整数 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o>ceiling(3.475)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">4 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">floor(x) </span><span>                       </span>不大于<span lang="EN-US">x</span>的最大整数 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o>floor(3.475)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">3 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">trunc(x) </span><span>                       </span>向<span lang="EN-US">  0 </span>的方向截取的<span lang="EN-US">x</span>中的整数部分 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o>trunc(5.99)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">5 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">round(x, digits=n) </span><span>         </span>将<span lang="EN-US">x</span>舍入为指定位的小数 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o>round(3.475, digits=2)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">3.48 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">signif(x, digits=n) </span><span>          </span>将<span lang="EN-US">x</span>舍入为指定的有效数字位数<span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o>signif(3.475, digits=2)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">3.5 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">cos(x)</span>、<span lang="EN-US">sin(x) </span>、<span lang="EN-US">tan(x) </span><span>        </span>余弦、正弦和正切 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o>cos(2)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">–0.416 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">acos(x) </span>、<span lang="EN-US">asin(x) </span>、<span lang="EN-US">atan(x) </span><span>    </span>反余弦、反正弦和反正切 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o>acos(-0.416)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">2 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">cosh(x) </span>、<span lang="EN-US">sinh(x) </span>、<span lang="EN-US">tanh(x) </span><span>    </span>双曲余弦、双曲正弦和双曲正切 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o>sinh(2)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">3.627 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">acosh(x) </span>、<span lang="EN-US">asinh(x) </span>、<span lang="EN-US">atanh(x) </span>反双曲余弦、反双曲正弦和反双曲正切 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o>asinh(3.627)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">2 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="EN-US">log(x,base=n) </span><span>                </span>对<span lang="EN-US">x</span>取以<span lang="EN-US">n</span>为底的对数<span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
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<span lang="EN-US">log(x) </span><span>                           </span><span lang="EN-US">log(x)</span>为自然对数 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
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<span lang="EN-US">log10(x) </span><span>                        </span><span lang="EN-US">log10(x)</span>为常用对数 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
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<span lang="EN-US">                                     log(10)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">2.3026 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o>       log10(10)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">1 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
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<span lang="EN-US">exp(x) </span><span>                          </span>指数函数 <span lang="EN-US"><o p="#DEFAULT"></o>exp(2.3026)</span>返回值为<span lang="EN-US">10 <o p="#DEFAULT"></o></span>
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abs, sqrt, ceiling, floor, <font color="#ff0000">trunc</font>, round, <font color="#ff0000">signif</font>, cos, acos, cosh, acosh, log, log10, exp
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<node TEXT="Statistical functions" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.topic" ID="ID_783678342" CREATED="1404818858031" MODIFIED="1404872382218"><richcontent TYPE="NOTE">
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<font size="2" face="黑体">统计函数<o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="黑体">函 数                   </font><font size="8.0pt" face="黑体">描 述</font><font size="2" face="黑体"><o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">mean(</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">)                 </font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">平均数 </font><font size="2" face="Courier">mean(c(1,2,3,4))</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">返回值为</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">2.5</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0"><o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">median(</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">)               </font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">中位数 </font><font size="2" face="Courier">median(c(1,2,3,4))</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">返回值为</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">2.5</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0"><o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">sd(</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">)                      </font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">标准差 </font><font size="2" face="Courier">sd(c(1,2,3,4))</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">返回值为</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">1.29</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0"><o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">var(</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">)                      </font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">方差 </font><font size="2" face="Courier">var(c(1,2,3,4))</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">返回值为</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">1.67</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0"><o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">mad(</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">)                   </font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">绝对中位差（</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">median absolute deviation</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">） <o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">   mad(c(1,2,3,4))</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">返回值为</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">1.48</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0"><o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">quantile(</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">,</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>probs</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">)     </font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">求分位数。其中</font><font size="2" face="Courier">x</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">为待求分位数的数值型向量，<o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>   probs</i></font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">为一个由</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">[0,1]</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">之间的概率值组成的数值向量<o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">  求</font><font size="2" face="Courier">x</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">的</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">30%</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">和</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">84%</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">分位点 </font><font size="2" face="Courier">y <- quantile(x, c(.3,.84))</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0"><o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">range(</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">)                 </font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">求值域 </font><font size="2" face="Courier">x <- c(1,2,3,4)range(x)</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">返回值为</font><font size="2" face="Courier">c(1,4)<o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">  diff(range(x))</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">返回值为</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">3<o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">sum(</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">)                  </font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">求和 </font><font size="2" face="Courier">sum(c(1,2,3,4))</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">返回值为</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">10</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0"><o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">diff(</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">, lag=</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>n</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">)          </font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">滞后差分，</font><font size="2" face="Courier">lag</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">用以指定滞后几项。默认的</font><font size="2" face="Courier">lag</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">值为</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">1<o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">  x<- c(1, 5, 23, 29) diff(x)</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">返回值为</font><font size="2" face="Courier">c(4, 18, 6)<o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">min(</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">)                   </font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">求最小值 </font><font size="2" face="Courier">min(c(1,2,3,4))</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">返回值为</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">1</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0"><o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">max(</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">)                  </font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">求最大值 </font><font size="2" face="Courier">max(c(1,2,3,4))</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">返回值为</font><font size="2" face="TimesNewRoman,serif">4</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0"><o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="Courier">scale(</font><font size="2" face="Courier-Oblique"><i>x</i></font><font size="2" face="Courier">,center=TRUE,scale=TRUE) <o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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<font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">为数据对象</font><font size="2" face="Courier">x</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">按列进行中心化（</font><font size="2" face="Courier">center=TRUE</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">） </font>
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<font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">或标准化（</font><font size="2" face="Courier">center=TRUE,scale=TRUE</font><font size="2" face="FZSSJW--GB1-0">）；</font><font size="2" face="Courier"><o size="2" p="#DEFAULT"></o></font>
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mean, median, sd, var, <font color="#ff0000">mad</font>, quantile, range, sum, <font color="#ff0000">diff</font>, min, max, <font color="#ff0000">scale</font>
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<node TEXT="Probability functions" LOCALIZED_STYLE_REF="styles.topic" ID="ID_1396636924" CREATED="1404819156000" MODIFIED="1404872382234"><richcontent TYPE="NOTE">
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<font size="3">概率分布</font>
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分布名称 缩 写            分布名称 缩 写
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Beta分布 beta             Logistic分布 logis
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二项分布 binom          多项分布 multinom
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柯西分布 cauchy        负二项分布 nbinom
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卡方分布 chisq           正态分布 norm