Add `--debug` option to `briefcase run` #5345

Job	Run time
Check towncrier / Towncrier Checks	18s
Pre-commit checks / Pre-commit Checks	29s
Package Automation / Create Python Package	15s
Package Briefcase / Create Python Package	22s
Unit tests (macos-13, 3.9)	58s
Unit tests (macos-13, 3.13)	3m 30s
Unit tests (macos-latest, 3.9)	57s
Unit tests (macos-latest, 3.13)	1m 36s
Unit tests (windows-latest, 3.9)	1m 33s
Unit tests (windows-latest, 3.13)	3m 26s
Unit tests (ubuntu-24.04, 3.9)	39s
Unit tests (ubuntu-24.04, 3.13)	2m 5s
Unit tests (ubuntu-24.04, 3.10)	45s
Unit tests (ubuntu-24.04, 3.11)	1m 39s
Unit tests (ubuntu-24.04, 3.12)	1m 52s
Project coverage	47s
Build app	0s
Verify project	0s
	21m 11s

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