Backport of Remove use of actions/cache, which conflicts with caching done by actions/setup-go into v1.11

[github-actions]

Backport

This PR is auto-generated from #36571 to be assessed for backporting due to the inclusion of the label 1.11-backport.

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The person who merged in the original PR is:
@SarahFrench
This person should manually cherry-pick the original PR into a new backport PR,
and close this one when the manual backport PR is merged in.

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The below text is copied from the body of the original PR.

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Fixes the errors we see in GHAs like this:

It looks like v4 of the actions/go-setup GHA enables caching by default, so when the action was updated to use a v4+ version of that action it started clashing with actions/cache.

This PR removes use of actions/cache and instead uses the caching features of go-setup. Internally this uses the same logic (actions/cache is used) but requires fewer inputs.

This matches what's already done in the equivalence test workflows, so a cache will be shared between more GHA workflows after this PR.

Target Release

N/A

CHANGELOG entry

• This change is user-facing and I added a changelog entry.
• This change is not user-facing.

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Overview of commits

• 46132d8

[hashicorp-cla-app]

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