Optimizations for the qibo.quantum_info.basis.pauli_basis and vectorization function

src/qibo/quantum_info/basis.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from functools import reduce
 from itertools import product
 from typing import Optional
 
@@ -92,43 +91,42 @@ def pauli_basis(
     backend = _check_backend(backend)
 
     pauli_labels = {"I": matrices.I, "X": matrices.X, "Y": matrices.Y, "Z": matrices.Z}
-    basis_single = [pauli_labels[label] for label in pauli_order]
+    basis_single = backend.cast([pauli_labels[label] for label in pauli_order])
+    einsum = np.einsum if backend.name == "tensorflow" else backend.np.einsum
 
     if nqubits > 1:
-        basis_full = list(product(basis_single, repeat=nqubits))
-        basis_full = [reduce(np.kron, row) for row in basis_full]
+        dim = 2**nqubits
+        input_indices = [range(3 * i, 3 * (i + 1)) for i in range(nqubits)]
+        output_indices = (i for indices in zip(*input_indices) for i in indices)
+        operands = [basis_single for _ in range(nqubits)]
+        inputs = [item for pair in zip(operands, input_indices) for item in pair]
+        basis_full = einsum(*inputs, output_indices).reshape(4**nqubits, dim, dim)
     else:
+        dim = 2
         basis_full = basis_single
 
-    basis_full = backend.cast(basis_full, dtype=basis_full[0].dtype)
-
     if vectorize and sparse:
-        basis, indexes = [], []
-        for row in basis_full:
-            row = vectorization(row, order=order, backend=backend)
-            row_indexes = backend.np.flatnonzero(row)
-            indexes.append(row_indexes)
-            basis.append(row[row_indexes])
-            del row
+        if backend.name == "tensorflow":
+            nonzero = np.nonzero
+        elif backend.name == "pytorch":
+            nonzero = lambda x: backend.np.nonzero(x, as_tuple=True)
+        else:
+            nonzero = backend.np.nonzero
+        basis = vectorization(basis_full, order=order, backend=backend)
+        indices = nonzero(basis)
+        basis = basis[indices].reshape(-1, dim)
+        indices = indices[1].reshape(-1, dim)
+
     elif vectorize and not sparse:
-        basis = [
-            vectorization(
-                backend.cast(matrix, dtype=matrix.dtype), order=order, backend=backend
-            )
-            for matrix in basis_full
-        ]
+        basis = vectorization(basis_full, order=order, backend=backend)
     else:
         basis = basis_full
 
-    basis = backend.cast(basis, dtype=basis[0].dtype)
-
     if normalize:
         basis = basis / np.sqrt(2**nqubits)
 
     if vectorize and sparse:
-        indexes = backend.cast(indexes, dtype=indexes[0][0].dtype)
-
-        return basis, indexes
+        return basis, indices
 
     return basis
 

src/qibo/quantum_info/superoperator_transformations.py

@@ -26,8 +26,9 @@ def vectorization(state, order: str = "row", backend=None):
     .. math::
         |\\rho) = \\sum_{k, l} \\, \\rho_{kl} \\, \\ket{l} \\otimes \\ket{k}
 
+    If ``state`` is a 3-dimensional tensor it is interpreted as a batch of states.
     Args:
-        state: state vector or density matrix.
+        state: state vector, density matrix or batch of those.
         order (str, optional): If ``"row"``, vectorization is performed
             row-wise. If ``"column"``, vectorization is performed
             column-wise. If ``"system"``, a block-vectorization is
@@ -40,13 +41,13 @@ def vectorization(state, order: str = "row", backend=None):
         ndarray: Liouville representation of ``state``.
     """
     if (
-        (len(state.shape) >= 3)
+        (len(state.shape) > 3)
         or (len(state) == 0)
         or (len(state.shape) == 2 and state.shape[0] != state.shape[1])
     ):
         raise_error(
             TypeError,
-            f"Object must have dims either (k,) or (k,k), but have dims {state.shape}.",
+            f"Object must have dims either (k,), (k, k), (n, 1, k) or (n, k, k), but have dims {state.shape}.",
         )
 
     if not isinstance(order, str):
@@ -64,23 +65,32 @@ def vectorization(state, order: str = "row", backend=None):
 
     if len(state.shape) == 1:
         state = backend.np.outer(state, backend.np.conj(state))
+    elif len(state.shape) == 3 and state.shape[1] == 1:
+        state = backend.np.einsum(
+            "aij,akl->aijkl", state, backend.np.conj(state)
+        ).reshape(state.shape[0], state.shape[-1], state.shape[-1])
 
     if order == "row":
-        state = backend.np.reshape(state, (1, -1))[0]
+        state = backend.np.reshape(state, (-1, state.shape[-1] ** 2))
     elif order == "column":
-        state = state.T
-        state = backend.np.reshape(state, (1, -1))[0]
+        indices = list(range(len(state.shape)))
+        indices[-2:] = reversed(indices[-2:])
+        state = backend.np.transpose(state, indices)
+        state = backend.np.reshape(state, (-1, state.shape[-1] ** 2))
     else:
-        dim = len(state)
-        nqubits = int(np.log2(dim))
+        nqubits = int(np.log2(state.shape[-1]))
 
-        new_axis = []
+        new_axis = [0]
         for qubit in range(nqubits):
-            new_axis += [qubit + nqubits, qubit]
+            new_axis.extend([qubit + nqubits + 1, qubit + 1])
 
-        state = backend.np.reshape(state, [2] * 2 * nqubits)
+        state = backend.np.reshape(state, [-1] + [2] * 2 * nqubits)
         state = backend.np.transpose(state, new_axis)
-        state = backend.np.reshape(state, (-1,))
+        state = backend.np.reshape(state, (-1, 2 ** (2 * nqubits)))
+
+    state = backend.np.squeeze(
+        state, axis=tuple(i for i, ax in enumerate(state.shape) if ax == 1)
+    )
 
     return state
 

tests/test_quantum_info_basis.py

@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ def test_pauli_basis(
         basis_test = list(product(basis_test, repeat=nqubits))
         basis_test = [reduce(np.kron, matrices) for matrices in basis_test]
 
+    # if order == "system" and nqubits ==2 and vectorize:
+    #    breakpoint()
     if vectorize:
         basis_test = [
             vectorization(backend.cast(matrix), order=order, backend=backend)

tests/test_quantum_info_superoperator_transformations.py

@@ -169,6 +169,31 @@ def test_vectorization(backend, nqubits, order, statevector):
     backend.assert_allclose(matrix, matrix_test, atol=PRECISION_TOL)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("order", ["row", "column", "system"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("nqubits", [1, 2, 3])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("statevector", [True, False])
+def test_batched_vectorization(backend, nqubits, order, statevector):
+    if statevector:
+        state = backend.cast(
+            [random_statevector(2**nqubits, 42, backend=backend) for _ in range(3)]
+        ).reshape(3, 1, -1)
+    else:
+        state = backend.cast(
+            [
+                random_density_matrix(2**nqubits, seed=42, backend=backend)
+                for _ in range(3)
+            ]
+        )
+
+    batched_vec = vectorization(state, order=order, backend=backend)
+    for i, element in enumerate(state):
+        if statevector:
+            element = element.ravel()
+        backend.assert_allclose(
+            batched_vec[i], vectorization(element, order=order, backend=backend)
+        )
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("order", ["row", "column", "system"])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("nqubits", [2, 3, 4, 5])
 def test_unvectorization(backend, nqubits, order):